Quantitative Analysis of Water Injection Mass and Timing Effects on Oxy-Fuel Combustion Characteristics in a GDI Engine Fuelled with E10

The climate change issue has become a growing concern due to the increasing greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve carbon neutrality for mitigating problem, oxy-fuel combustion (OFC) technique on internal engines (ICEs) attracted much attention. Furthermore, water injection (WI) strategy was proven effective in improving process and thermal efficiency under OFC mode. However, WI effects gasoline direct (GDI) fuelled with gasoline–alcohol blends have not been reported. This study quantitatively analysed mass timing performance from GDI engine E10 (10% ethanol 90% mass) by simulation. results show that equivalent brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFCE) shows monotonically decreasing trend increase water–fuel ratio (Rwf) 0 0.2. further Rwf would cause deterioration BSFCE enhanced cooling of vaporisation. Moreover, an appropriate (tWI) could be explored performance, especially large conditions. difference between tWI = −100°CA −60°CA can up around 6.3 g/kWh 0.6.